Texas Code of Criminal Procedure - Article 18.21. Pen Registers And Trap And Trace Devices; Access To Stored Communications; Mobile Tracking Devices
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Texas Laws > Code of Criminal Procedure > Texas Code of Criminal Procedure - Article 18.21. Pen Registers And Trap And Trace Devices; Access To Stored Communications; Mobile Tracking Devices
Art. 18.21. PEN REGISTERS AND TRAP AND TRACE DEVICES; ACCESS
TO STORED COMMUNICATIONS; MOBILE TRACKING DEVICES.
Definitions
Sec. 1. In this article:
(1) "Aural transfer," "communication common carrier,"
"computer trespasser," "electronic communication," "electronic
communications service," "electronic communications system,"
"electronic storage," "immediate life-threatening situation,"
"member of a law enforcement unit specially trained to respond to
and deal with life-threatening situations," " readily accessible to
the general public," " user," and "wire communication" have the
meanings assigned by Article 18.20.
(2) "Authorized peace officer" means:
(A) a sheriff or a sheriff's deputy;
(B) a constable or deputy constable;
(C) a marshal or police officer of an incorporated city;
(D) a ranger or officer commissioned by the Public Safety
Commission or the director of the Department of Public Safety;
(E) an investigator of a prosecutor's office;
(F) a law enforcement agent of the Alcoholic Beverage
Commission;
(G) a law enforcement officer commissioned by the Parks and
Wildlife Commission; or
(H) an enforcement officer appointed by the executive
director of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice under Section
493.019, Government Code.
(3) "Department" means the Department of Public Safety.
(4) "ESN reader" means a device that records the electronic
serial number from the data track of a wireless telephone, cellular
telephone, or similar communication device that transmits its
operational status to a base site, if the device does not intercept
the contents of a communication.
(5) "Mobile tracking device" means an electronic or
mechanical device that permits tracking the movement of a person,
vehicle, container, item, or object. The term does not include a
device designed, made, adapted, or capable of:
(A) intercepting the content of a communication; or
(B) functioning as a pen register, ESN reader, trap and
trace device, or similar equipment.
(6) "Pen register" means a device or process that records or
decodes dialing, routing, addressing, or signaling information
transmitted by an instrument or facility from which a wire or
electronic communication is transmitted, if the information does
not include the contents of the communication. The term does not
include a device used by a provider or customer of a wire or
electronic communication service in the ordinary course of the
provider's or customer's business for purposes of:
(A) billing or recording as an incident to billing for
communications services; or
(B) cost accounting, security control, or other ordinary
business purposes.
(7) "Prosecutor" means a district attorney, criminal
district attorney, or county attorney performing the duties of a
district attorney.
(8) "Remote computing service" means the provision to the
public of computer storage or processing services by means of an
electronic communications system.
(9) "Supervisory official" means:
(A) an investigative agent or an assistant investigative
agent who is in charge of an investigation;
(B) an equivalent person at an investigating agency's
headquarters or regional office; and
(C) the principal prosecuting attorney of the state or of a
political subdivision of the state or the first assistant or chief
assistant prosecuting attorney in the office of either.
(10) "Trap and trace device" means a device or process that
records an incoming electronic or other impulse that identifies the
originating number or other dialing, routing, addressing, or
signaling information reasonably likely to identify the source of a
wire or electronic communication, if the information does not
include the contents of the communication. The term does not
include a device or telecommunications network used in providing:
(A) a caller identification service authorized by the
Public Utility Commission of Texas under Subchapter E, Chapter 55,
Utilities Code;
(B) the services referenced in Section 55.102(b), Utilities
Code; or
(C) a caller identification service provided by a
commercial mobile radio service provider licensed by the Federal
Communications Commission.
Application and Order
Sec. 2. (a) A prosecutor with jurisdiction in a county within
a judicial district described by this subsection may file an
application for the installation and use of a pen register, ESN
reader, trap and trace device, or similar equipment that combines
the function of a pen register and a trap and trace device with a
district judge in the judicial district. The judicial district
must be a district in which is located:
(1) the site of the proposed installation or use of the
device or equipment;
(2) the site of the communication device on which the device
or equipment is proposed to be installed or used;
(3) the billing, residential, or business address of the
subscriber to the electronic communications service on which the
device or equipment is proposed to be installed or used;
(4) the headquarters of:
(A) the office of the prosecutor filing an application under
this section; or
(B) a law enforcement agency that requests the prosecutor to
file an application under this section or that proposes to execute
an order authorizing installation and use of the device or
equipment; or
(5) the headquarters of a service provider ordered to
install the device or equipment.
(b) A prosecutor may file an application under this section
or under federal law on the prosecutor's own motion or on the
request of an authorized peace officer, regardless of whether the
officer is commissioned by the department. A prosecutor who files
an application on the prosecutor's own motion or who files an
application for the installation and use of a pen register, ESN
reader, or similar equipment on the request of an authorized peace
officer not commissioned by the department must make the
application personally and may not do so through an assistant or
some other person acting on the prosecutor's behalf. A prosecutor
may make an application through an assistant or other person acting
on the prosecutor's behalf if the prosecutor files an application
for the installation and use of:
(1) a pen register, ESN reader, or similar equipment on the
request of an authorized peace officer who is commissioned by the
department; or
(2) a trap and trace device or similar equipment on the
request of an authorized peace officer, regardless of whether the
officer is commissioned by the department.
(c) The application must:
(1) be made in writing under oath;
(2) include the name of the subscriber and the telephone
number and location of the communication device on which the pen
register, ESN reader, trap and trace device, or similar equipment
will be used, to the extent that information is known or is
reasonably ascertainable; and
(3) state that the installation and use of the device or
equipment will likely produce information that is material to an
ongoing criminal investigation.
(d) On presentation of the application, the judge may order
the installation and use of the pen register, ESN reader, or similar
equipment by an authorized peace officer commissioned by the
department, and, on request of the applicant, the judge shall
direct in the order that a communication common carrier or a
provider of electronic communications service furnish all
information, facilities, and technical assistance necessary to
facilitate the installation and use of the device or equipment by
the department unobtrusively and with a minimum of interference to
the services provided by the carrier or service. The carrier or
service is entitled to compensation at the prevailing rates for the
facilities and assistance provided to the department.
(e) On presentation of the application, the judge may order
the installation and use of the trap and trace device or similar
equipment by the communication common carrier or other person on
the appropriate line. The judge may direct the communication
common carrier or other person, including any landlord or other
custodian of equipment, to furnish all information, facilities, and
technical assistance necessary to install or use the device or
equipment unobtrusively and with a minimum of interference to the
services provided by the communication common carrier, landlord,
custodian, or other person. Unless otherwise ordered by the court,
the results of the trap and trace device or similar equipment shall
be furnished to the applicant, designated by the court, at
reasonable intervals during regular business hours, for the
duration of the order. The carrier is entitled to compensation at
the prevailing rates for the facilities and assistance provided to
the law enforcement agency.
(f) Except as otherwise provided by this subsection, an
order for the installation and use of a device or equipment under
this section is valid for not more than 60 days after the earlier of
the date the device or equipment is installed or the 10th day after
the date the order is entered, unless the prosecutor applies for and
obtains from the court an extension of the order before the order
expires. The period of extension may not exceed 60 days for each
extension granted, except that with the consent of the subscriber
or customer of the service on which the device or equipment is used,
the court may extend an order for a period not to exceed one year.
(g) The district court shall seal an application and order
granted under this article.
(h) A peace officer is not required to file an application
or obtain an order under this section before the officer makes an
otherwise lawful search, with or without a warrant, to determine
the contents of a caller identification message, pager message, or
voice message that is contained within the memory of an end-user's
identification, paging, or answering device.
Emergency Installation and Use Of Pen Register Or Trap and Trace
Device
Sec. 3. (a) A peace officer authorized to possess, install,
operate, or monitor a device under Section 8A, Article 18.20, may
install and use a pen register or trap and trace device if the
officer:
(1) reasonably believes an immediate life-threatening
situation exists that:
(A) is within the territorial jurisdiction of the officer or
another officer the officer is assisting; and
(B) requires the installation of a pen register or trap and
trace device before an order authorizing the installation and use
can, with due diligence, be obtained under this article; and
(2) reasonably believes there are sufficient grounds under
this article on which to obtain an order authorizing the
installation and use of a pen register or trap and trace device.
(b) If an officer installs or uses a pen register or trap and
trace device under Subsection (a), the officer shall:
(1) promptly report the installation or use to the
prosecutor in the county in which the device is installed or used;
and
(2) within 48 hours after the installation is complete or
the use of the device begins, whichever occurs first, obtain an
order under Section 2 authorizing the installation and use.
(c) A judge may issue an order authorizing the installation
and use of a device under this section during the 48-hour period
prescribed by Subsection (b)(2). If an order is denied or is not
issued within the 48-hour period, the officer shall terminate use
of and remove the pen register or the trap and trace device promptly
on the earlier of the denial or the expiration of 48 hours.
(d) The state may not use as evidence in a criminal
proceeding any information gained through the use of a pen register
or trap and trace device installed under this section if an
authorized peace officer does not apply for or applies for but does
not obtain authorization for the pen register or trap and trace
device.
Requirements for government access to stored communications
Sec. 4. (a) An authorized peace officer may require a
provider of electronic communications service to disclose the
contents of an electronic communication that has been in electronic
storage for not longer than 180 days by obtaining a warrant.
(b) An authorized peace officer may require a provider of
electronic communications service to disclose the contents of an
electronic communication that has been in electronic storage for
longer than 180 days:
(1) if notice is not being given to the subscriber or
customer, by obtaining a warrant;
(2) if notice is being given to the subscriber or customer,
by obtaining:
(A) an administrative subpoena authorized by statute;
(B) a grand jury subpoena; or
(C) a court order issued under Section 5 of this article; or
(3) as otherwise permitted by applicable federal law.
(c)(1) An authorized peace officer may require a provider of
a remote computing service to disclose the contents of an
electronic communication as described in Subdivision (2) of this
subsection:
(A) if notice is not being given to the subscriber or
customer, by obtaining a warrant issued under this code;
(B) if notice is being given to the subscriber or customer,
by:
(i) an administrative subpoena authorized by statute;
(ii) a grand jury subpoena; or
(iii) a court order issued under Section 5 of this article;
or
(C) as otherwise permitted by applicable federal law.
(2) Subdivision (1) of this subsection applies only to an
electronic communication that is in electronic storage:
(A) on behalf of a subscriber or customer of the service and
is received by means of electronic transmission from or created by
means of computer processing of communications received by means of
electronic transmission from the subscriber or customer; and
(B) solely for the purpose of providing storage or computer
processing services to the subscriber or customer if the provider
of the service is not authorized to obtain access to the contents of
those communications for purposes of providing any service other
than storage or computer processing.
(d) An authorized peace officer may require a provider of
remote computing service to disclose records or other information
pertaining to a subscriber or customer of the service, other than
communications described in Subsection (c) of this section, without
giving the subscriber or customer notice:
(1) by obtaining an administrative subpoena authorized by
statute;
(2) by obtaining a grand jury subpoena;
(3) by obtaining a warrant;
(4) by obtaining the consent of the subscriber or customer
to the disclosure of the records or information;
(5) by obtaining a court order under Section 5 of this
article; or
(6) as otherwise permitted by applicable federal law.
(e) A provider of telephonic communications service shall
disclose to an authorized peace officer, without any form of legal
process, subscriber listing information, including name, address,
and telephone number or similar access code that:
(1) the service provides to others in the course of
providing publicly available directory or similar assistance; or
(2) is solely for use in the dispatch of emergency vehicles
and personnel responding to a distress call directed to an
emergency dispatch system or when the information is reasonably
necessary to aid in the dispatching of emergency vehicles and
personnel for the immediate prevention of death, personal injury,
or destruction of property.
(f) A provider of telephonic communications service shall
provide an authorized peace officer with the name of the subscriber
of record whose published telephone number is provided to the
service by an authorized peace officer.
Court order to obtain access to stored communications
Sec. 5. (a) A court shall issue an order authorizing
disclosure of contents, records, or other information of a wire or
electronic communication held in electronic storage if the court
determines that there is reasonable belief that the information
sought is relevant to a legitimate law enforcement inquiry.
(b) A court may grant a motion by the service provider to
quash or modify the order issued under Subsection (a) of this
section if the court determines that the information or records
requested are unusually voluminous in nature or that compliance
with the order would cause an undue burden on the provider.
Backup preservation
Sec. 6. (a) A subpoena or court order for disclosure of the
contents of an electronic communication in a remote computing
service under Section 4(c) of this article may require that the
service provider to whom the request is directed create a copy of
the contents of the electronic communications sought by the
subpoena or court order for the purpose of preserving those
contents. The service provider may not inform the subscriber or
customer whose communications are being sought that the subpoena or
court order has been issued. The service provider shall create the
copy not later than two business days after the date of the receipt
by the service provider of the subpoena or court order.
(b) The service provider shall immediately notify the
authorized peace officer who presented the subpoena or court order
requesting the copy when the copy has been created.
(c) Except as provided by Section 7 of this article, the
authorized peace officer shall notify the subscriber or customer
whose communications are the subject of the subpoena or court order
of the creation of the copy not later than three days after the date
of the receipt of the notification from the service provider that
the copy was created.
(d) The service provider shall release the copy to the
requesting authorized peace officer not earlier than the 14th day
after the date of the peace officer's notice to the subscriber or
customer if the service provider has not:
(1) initiated proceedings to challenge the request of the
peace officer for the copy; or
(2) received notice from the subscriber or customer that the
subscriber or customer has initiated proceedings to challenge the
request.
(e) The service provider may not destroy or permit the
destruction of the copy until the information has been delivered to
the law enforcement agency or until the resolution of any court
proceedings, including appeals of any proceedings, relating to the
subpoena or court order requesting the creation of the copy,
whichever occurs last.
(f) An authorized peace officer who reasonably believes
that notification to the subscriber or customer of the subpoena or
court order would result in the destruction of or tampering with
information sought may request the creation of a copy of the
information. The peace officer's belief is not subject to
challenge by the subscriber or customer or service provider.
(g)(1) A subscriber or customer who receives notification as
described in Subsection (c) of this section may file a written
motion to quash the subpoena or vacate the court order in the court
that issued the subpoena or court order not later than the 14th day
after the date of the receipt of the notice. The motion must
contain an affidavit or sworn statement stating that:
(A) the applicant is a subscriber or customer of the service
from which the contents of electronic communications stored for the
subscriber or customer have been sought; and
(B) the applicant's reasons for believing that the
information sought is not relevant to a legitimate law enforcement
inquiry or that there has not been substantial compliance with the
provisions of this article in some other respect.
(2) The subscriber or customer shall give written notice to
the service provider of the challenge to the subpoena or court
order. The authorized peace officer or law enforcement agency
requesting the subpoena or court order shall be served a copy of the
papers filed by personal delivery or by registered or certified
mail.
(h)(1) The court shall order the authorized peace officer to
file a sworn response to the motion filed by the subscriber or
customer if the court determines that the subscriber or customer
has complied with the requirements of Subsection (g) of this
section. On request of the peace officer, the court may permit the
response to be filed in camera. The court may conduct any
additional proceedings the court considers appropriate if the court
is unable to make a determination on the motion on the basis of the
parties' initial allegations and response.
(2) The court shall rule on the motion as soon after the
filing of the officer's response as practicable. The court shall
deny the motion if the court finds that the applicant is not the
subscriber or customer whose stored communications are the subject
of the subpoena or court order or that there is reason to believe
that the peace officer's inquiry is legitimate and that the
communications sought are relevant to that inquiry. The court
shall quash the subpoena or vacate the order if the court finds that
the applicant is the subscriber or customer whose stored
communications are the subject of the subpoena or court order and
that there is not a reason to believe that the communications sought
are relevant to a legitimate law enforcement inquiry or that there
has not been substantial compliance with the provisions of this
article.
(3) A court order denying a motion or application under this
section is not a final order and no interlocutory appeal may be
taken from the denial.
Delay of notification
Sec. 7. (a) An authorized peace officer seeking a court order
to obtain information under Section 4(c) of this article may
include a request for an order delaying the notification required
under Section 4(c) of this article for a period not to exceed 90
days. The court shall grant the request if the court determines
that there is reason to believe that notification of the existence
of the court order may have an adverse result, as described in
Subsection (c) of this section.
(b) An authorized peace officer who has obtained a subpoena
authorized by statute or a grand jury subpoena to seek information
under Section 4(c) of this article may delay the notification
required under that section for a period not to exceed 90 days on
the execution of a written certification of a supervisory official
that there is reason to believe that notification of the existence
of the subpoena may have an adverse result as described in
Subsection (c) of this section. The peace officer shall maintain a
true copy of the certification.
(c) In this section an "adverse result" means:
(1) endangering the life or physical safety of an
individual;
(2) flight from prosecution;
(3) destruction of or tampering with evidence;
(4) intimidation of a potential witness; or
(5) otherwise seriously jeopardizing an investigation or
unduly delaying a trial.
(d) A court may grant one or more extensions of the delay of
notification provided by this section of up to 90 days on request or
by certification by a supervisory official if the original
requirements under Subsection (a) or (b) of this section are met for
each extension.
(e) When the delay of notification under this section
expires, the authorized peace officer shall serve, by personal
delivery or registered or certified mail, the subscriber or
customer a copy of the process or request together with notice that:
(1) states with reasonable specificity the nature of the law
enforcement inquiry; and
(2) informs the subscriber or customer:
(A) that information stored for the subscriber or customer
by the service provider named in the process or request was supplied
to or requested by the peace officer and the date on which the
information was supplied or requested;
(B) that notification to the subscriber or customer was
delayed;
(C) of the name of the supervisory official who made the
certification or the court that granted the request for the delay of
notification; and
(D) of which provision of this article permitted the delay
of notification.
Preclusion of notification
Sec. 8. When an authorized peace officer seeking information
under Section 4 of this article is not required to give notice to
the subscriber or customer or is delaying notification under
Section 7 of this article, the peace officer may apply to the court
for an order commanding the service provider to whom a warrant,
subpoena, or court order is directed not to disclose to any other
person the existence of the warrant, subpoena, or court order. The
order is effective for the period the court considers appropriate.
The court shall enter the order if the court determines that there
is reason to believe that notification of the existence of the
warrant, subpoena, or court order will have an adverse result as
described in Section 7(c) of this article.
Reimbursement of costs
Sec. 9. (a) Except as provided by Subsection (c) of this
section, an authorized peace officer who obtains information under
this article shall reimburse the person assembling or providing the
information for all costs that are reasonably necessary and that
have been directly incurred in searching for, assembling,
reproducing, or otherwise providing the information. These costs
include costs arising from necessary disruption of normal
operations of an electronic communications service or remote
computing service in which the information may be stored.
(b) The authorized peace officer and the person providing
the information may agree on the amount of reimbursement. If there
is no agreement, the court that issued the order for production of
the information shall determine the amount. If no court order was
issued for production of the information, the court before which
the criminal prosecution relating to the information would be
brought shall determine the amount.
(c) Subsection (a) of this section does not apply to records
or other information maintained by a communications common carrier
that relate to telephone toll records or telephone listings
obtained under Section 4(e) of this article unless the court
determines that the amount of information required was unusually
voluminous or that an undue burden was imposed on the provider.
No cause of action
Sec. 10. A subscriber or customer of a wire or electronic
communications or remote computing service does not have a cause of
action against a wire or electronic communications or remote
computing service, its officers, employees, agents, or other
specified persons for providing information, facilities, or
assistance as required by a court order, warrant, subpoena, or
certification under this article.
Disclosure of stored communications
Sec. 11. (a) Except as provided by Subsection (c) of this
section, a provider of an electronic communications service may not
knowingly divulge the contents of a communication that is in
electronic storage.
(b) Except as provided by Subsection (c) of this section, a
provider of remote computing service may not knowingly divulge the
contents of any communication that is:
(1) in electronic storage;
(2) stored on behalf of a subscriber or customer of the
service and is received by means of electronic transmission from or
created by means of computer processing of communications received
by means of electronic transmission from the subscriber or
customer; and
(3) solely for the purpose of providing storage or computer
processing services to the subscriber or customer if the provider
of the service is not authorized to obtain access to the contents of
those communications for purposes of providing any service other
than storage or computer processing.
(c) A provider of an electronic communications or remote
computing service may divulge the contents of an electronically
stored communication:
(1) to an intended recipient of the communication or that
person's agent;
(2) to the addressee or that person's agent;
(3) with the consent of the originator, to the addressee or
the intended recipient of the communication, or the subscriber of a
remote computing service;
(4) to a person whose facilities are used to transmit the
communication to its destination or the person's employee or
authorized representative;
(5) as may be necessary to provide the service or to protect
the property or rights of the provider of the service;
(6) to a law enforcement agency if the contents were
obtained inadvertently by the service provider and the contents
appear to pertain to the commission of a crime; or
(7) as authorized under federal or other state law.
Cause of action
Sec. 12. (a) Except as provided by Section 10 of this article,
a provider of electronic communications service or subscriber or
customer of an electronic communications service aggrieved by a
violation of this article has a civil cause of action if the conduct
constituting the violation was committed knowingly or
intentionally and is entitled to:
(1) injunctive relief;
(2) a reasonable attorney's fee and other litigation costs
reasonably incurred; and
(3) the sum of the actual damages suffered and any profits
made by the violator as a result of the violation or $1,000,
whichever is more.
(b) The reliance in good faith on a court order, warrant,
subpoena, or legislative authorization is a complete defense to any
civil action brought under this article.
(c) A civil action under this section may be presented
within two years after the date the claimant first discovered or had
reasonable opportunity to discover the violation, and not
afterward.
Exclusivity of remedies
Sec. 13. The remedies and sanctions described in this article
are the exclusive judicial remedies and sanctions for a violation
of this article other than a violation that infringes on a right of
a party guaranteed by a state or federal constitution.
Mobile tracking devices
Sec. 14. (a) A district judge may issue an order for the
installation and use within the judge's judicial district of a
mobile tracking device.
(b) The order may authorize the use of a mobile tracking
device outside the judicial district but within the state, if the
device is installed within the district.
(c) A district judge may issue the order only on the
application of an authorized peace officer. An application must be
written and signed and sworn to or affirmed before the judge. The
affidavit must:
(1) state the name, department, agency, and address of the
applicant;
(2) identify the vehicle, container, or item to which, in
which, or on which the mobile tracking device is to be attached,
placed, or otherwise installed;
(3) state the name of the owner or possessor of the vehicle,
container, or item described in Subdivision (2);
(4) state the judicial jurisdictional area in which the
vehicle, container, or item described in Subdivision (2) is
expected to be found; and
(5) state the facts and circumstances that provide the
applicant with a reasonable suspicion that:
(A) criminal activity has been, is, or will be committed;
and
(B) the installation and use of a mobile tracking device is
likely to produce information that is material to an ongoing
criminal investigation of the criminal activity described in
Paragraph (A).
(d) Within 72 hours after the time the mobile tracking
device was activated in place on or within the vehicle, container,
or item, the applicant shall notify in writing the judge who issued
an order under this section.
(e) An order under this section expires not later than the
90th day after the date that the device has been activated in place
on or within the vehicle, container, or item. For good cause shown,
the judge may grant an extension for an additional 90-day period.
(f) The applicant shall remove or cause to be removed a
mobile tracking device as soon as is practicable after the
authorization period expires. If removal is not practicable,
monitoring of the device shall cease on expiration of the
authorization order.
(g) This section does not apply to a global positioning or
similar device installed in or on an item of property by the owner
or with the consent of the owner of the property. A device
described by this subsection may be monitored by a private entity in
an emergency.
Subpoena authority
Sec. 15. The director of the department or the director's
designee may issue an administrative subpoena to a communications
common carrier or an electronic communications service to compel
the production of the carrier's or service's business records that:
(1) disclose information about:
(A) the carrier's or service's customers; or
(B) users of the services offered by the carrier or service;
and
(2) are material to a criminal investigation.
Limitation
Sec. 16. A governmental agency authorized to install and use
a pen register under this article or other law must use reasonably
available technology to only record and decode electronic or other
impulses used to identify the numbers dialed, routed, addressed, or
otherwise processed or transmitted by a wire or electronic
communication so as to not include the contents of the
communication.
Added by Acts 1985, 69th Leg., ch. 587, Sec. 5, eff. Aug. 26, 1985.
Amended by Acts 1989, 71st Leg., ch. 958, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1,
1989; Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. 659, Sec. 2, eff. Sept. 1, 1993;
Acts 1995, 74th Leg., ch. 170, Sec. 1, eff. Aug. 28, 1995; Acts
1995, 74th Leg., ch. 318, Sec. 47, eff. Sept. 1, 1995; Acts 1997,
75th Leg., ch. 165, Sec. 31.01(40), eff. Sept. 1, 1997; Acts 1997,
75th Leg., ch. 1051, Sec. 5 to 8, eff. Sept. 1, 1997; Acts 1999,
76th Leg., ch. 62, Sec. 18.20, eff. Sept. 1, 1999; Acts 2001, 77th
Leg., ch. 1270, Sec. 7 to 10, eff. Sept. 1, 2001; Acts 2003, 78th
Leg., ch. 678, Sec. 8 to 11, eff. Sept. 1, 2003.
Article: 18.16 18.17 18.18 18.181 18.183 18.19 18.20 18.21 18.22 18.23 19.01 19.02 19.03 19.04 19.05
Last modified: August 11, 2007
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