
      Employees shall have the right to self-organization, to form,
    join, or assist labor organizations, to bargain collectively
    through representatives of their own choosing, and to engage in
    other concerted activities for the purpose of collective bargaining
    or other mutual aid or protection, and shall also have the right to
    refrain from any or all of such activities except to the extent
    that such right may be affected by an agreement requiring
    membership in a labor organization as a condition of employment as
    authorized in section 158(a)(3) of this title.

                                AMENDMENTS                            
      1947 - Act June 23, 1947, restated rights of employees to bargain
    collectively and inserted provision that they have right to refrain
    from joining in concerted activities with their fellow employees.
                     EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1947 AMENDMENT                 
      For effective date of amendment by act June 23, 1947, see section
    104 of act June 23, 1947, set out as a note under section 151 of
    this title.

Last modified: April 16, 2006