Appeal No. 1997-2194 Page 11
Application No. 08/195,018
In rejecting claims under 35 U.S.C. § 103, the examiner
bears the initial burden of presenting a prima facie case of
obviousness. See In re Rijckaert, 9 F.3d 1531, 1532, 28
USPQ2d 1955, 1956 (Fed. Cir. 1993). A prima facie case of
obviousness is established by presenting evidence that the
reference teachings would appear to be sufficient for one of
ordinary skill in the relevant art having the applied prior
art before him to make the proposed combination or other
modification. See In re Lintner, 458 F.2d 1013, 1016, 173
USPQ 560, 562 (CCPA 1972). Furthermore, the conclusion that
the claimed subject matter is prima facie obvious must be
supported by evidence, as shown by some objective teaching in
the applied prior art or by knowledge generally available to
one of ordinary skill in the art that would have led that
individual to arrive at the claimed invention. See In re
Fine, 837 F.2d 1071, 1074, 5 USPQ2d 1596, 1598 (Fed. Cir.
1988). Even when obviousness is based on a single prior art
reference, there must be a showing of a suggestion or
motivation to modify the teachings of that reference. See In
re Kotzab, 217 F.3d 1365, 1370, 55 USPQ2d 1313, 1316-17 (Fed.
Cir. 2000). Rejections based on § 103 must rest on a factual
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