California Evidence Code Section 354

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A verdict or finding shall not be set aside, nor shall the
judgment or decision based thereon be reversed, by reason of the
erroneous exclusion of evidence unless the court which passes upon
the effect of the error or errors is of the opinion that the error or
errors complained of resulted in a miscarriage of justice and it
appears of record that:
   (a) The substance, purpose, and relevance of the excluded evidence
was made known to the court by the questions asked, an offer of
proof, or by any other means;
   (b) The rulings of the court made compliance with subdivision (a)
futile; or
   (c) The evidence was sought by questions asked during
cross-examination or recross-examination.

Last modified: July 31, 2008