Mary Catherine Pierce - Page 15

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          F.3d 305, 312 (5th Cir. 1994).  The Court of Appeals held that              
          the issue of res judicata may be tried by implied consent.  In              
          reaching its holding, the Court of Appeals considered factors               
          similar to those that this Court has considered with respect to             
          the use of implied consent in circumstances where pleading                  
          requirements for matters other than affirmative defenses were               
          involved.                                                                   
               In arriving at its holding, the Court of Appeals considered            
          “whether the parties recognized that the unpleaded issue entered            
          the case at trial, whether the evidence that supports the                   
          unpleaded issue was introduced at trial without objection, and              
          whether a finding of trial by consent prejudiced the opposing               
          party’s opportunity to respond.”  United States v. Shanbaum,                
          supra at 312-313 (citing Haught v. Maceluch, 681 F.2d 291, 305-             
          306 (5th Cir. 1982)); Jimenez v. The Tuna Vessel “Granada”, 652             
          F.2d 415, 421 (5th Cir. 1981); see also Markwardt v.                        
          Commissioner, 64 T.C. 989, 997 (1975) (and cases cited thereat).            
               Similarly, this Court, in deciding whether to apply the                
          principle of implied consent, has considered whether the consent            
          results in unfair surprise or prejudice toward the consenting               
          party and prevents that party from presenting evidence that might           
          have been introduced if the issue had been timely raised.  See              
          Krist v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2001-140; McGee v.                        
          Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2000-308.                                          






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