74
Opinion of the Court
gress's meaning in the generally shared common law when common-law terms are used without further specification, we hold that § 523(a)(2)(A) requires justifiable, but not reason-has been guilty of an intentional and deliberate fraud, the doctrine is well settled that he cannot defend against such fraud by saying that the same might have been discovered had the party whom he deceived exercised reasonable diligence and care"); Gonderman v. State Exchange Bank, 166 Ind. App. 181, 190, 334 N. E. 2d 724, 729 (1975) (stating that level of required prudence depends on whether the recipient of a representation is unwary); Sutton v. Greiner, 177 Iowa 532, 540-541, 159 N. W. 268, 271-272 (1916) (same as Illinois); Prather v. Colorado Oil & Gas Corp., 218 Kan. 111, 119, 542 P. 2d 297, 304 (1975) (finding no duty to investigate); Sanford Construction Co. v. S. & H. Contractors, Inc., 443 S. W. 2d 227, 233-234 (Ky. App. 1969) (indicating that level of reliance depends on sophistication of parties); Horner v. Flynn, 334 A. 2d 194, 205 (Me. 1975) (stating that a person who commits intentional misrepresentation cannot excuse himself based on the foolishness of the hearer in believing the representation); Yorke v. Taylor, 332 Mass. 368, 372-374, 124 N. E. 2d 912, 915-916 (1955) (relying on Restatement (First)); Boss v. Tomaras, 241 Mich. 540, 542, 217 N. W. 783 (1928) (finding right to rely without investigation); Murphy v. Country House, Inc., 307 Minn. 344, 351, 240 N. W. 2d 507, 512 (1976) (rejecting reasonable person standard and applying subjective test based on intelligence and experience of aggrieved person); First Mobile Home Corp. v. Little, 298 So. 2d 676, 679 (Miss. 1974) (requiring justifiable reliance); Tietjens v. General Motors Corp., 418 S. W. 2d 75, 81-83 (Mo. 1967) (stating that reliance required depends on the positions of the parties, and that there is no duty to investigate); Bails v. Gar, 171 Mont. 342, 348-349, 558 P. 2d 458, 462-463 (1976) (stating that requirement depends on experience and resourcefulness of relying party); Growney v. C M H Real Estate Co., 195 Neb. 398, 400-401, 238 N. W. 2d 240, 242 (1976) (requiring justifiable reliance); Sanguinetti v. Strecker, 94 Nev. 200, 206, 577 P. 2d 404, 408 (1978) (requiring justifiable reliance); Smith v. Pope, 103 N. H. 555, 559- 560, 176 A. 2d 321, 324-325 (1961) (relying on Restatement (First)); National Premium Budget Plan Corp. v. National Fire Insurance Co. of Hartford, 97 N. J. Super. 149, 209-211, 234 A. 2d 683, 716-718 (1967) (relying on Restatement (First) and W. Prosser, Law of Torts (2d ed. 1955), including example of one-eyed horse, in finding that justifiable reliance is appropriate standard), aff'd, 106 N. J. Super. 238, 254 A. 2d 819 (1969); Jones v. Friedman, 57 N. M. 361, 367-368, 258 P. 2d 1131, 1134-1135 (1953) (requiring justifiable reliance and no general duty to investigate); Johnson
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