Ex parte LYKENS - Page 7




          Appeal No. 96-1555                                                          
          Application 08/229,619                                                      

          the base surface.                                                           
               The Examiner's reliance on "routine skill in the art" is               
          mere conclusion and is not supported by any factual evidence                
          of what knowledge was within the level of ordinary skill in                 
          the art.  See In re Kaplan, 789 F.2d 1574, 1580, 229 USPQ 678,              
          683 (Fed. Cir. 1986) ("Even if obviousness of the variation is              
          predicated on the level of skill in the art, prior art                      
          evidence is needed to show what that level of skill was.").                 
               The Examiner's reliance on the concept of "design choice"              
          to fill in the missing teachings of the references is not                   
          persuasive.  "Design choice" has been used where the                        
          differences appear to be a matter of choice by the designer in              
          doing something one way rather than another and solve no                    
          stated problem and do not result in a different function or                 
          give unexpected results.  See In re Chu, 66 F.3d 292, 298-99,               
          36 USPQ2d 1089, 1094-95 (Fed. Cir. 1995).  Reliance on design               
          choice is discouraged as a substitute for factual evidence and              
          sound obviousness reasoning.  Since the specific physical                   
          shape and arrangement of mirrors provides a different function              
          and result in this case, and since the Examiner has not shown               
          (but has merely concluded) that the selection of mirror shape               

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