Ex Parte Akimoto et al - Page 6




          Appeal No. 2003-1663                                                        
          Application 09/975,934                                                      

          a logical "true" (conventionally represented as "1"), the output            
          is a logical "true" ("1"), and when one or more inputs are a                
          logical "false" (conventionally represented as "0"), the output             
          is a logical "false" ("0").  An "AND" operation is, by                      
          definition, a "logical" operation, so "AND logical" to describe a           
          circuit is redundant.  An "AND" operation is also, by definition,           
          a function, so "AND functional" to describe a circuit is                    
          redundant.  The terms "AND circuit," "AND logical circuit," "AND            
          functional circuit," and "AND logical functional circuit" all               
          have the same meaning.  An "AND" operation necessarily implies              
          operation with digital signals, i.e., signals that represent                
          either a "1" or a "0."  An analog circuit which performs an AND             
          function has to be operating using digital logic signals, i.e.,             
          with signals that the circuit interprets as "1" or "0"; it does             
          not make sense to define an "AND" operation in terms of analog              
          (continuous) signals.  The statement in Digital Integrated                  
          Electronics that "[i]n logical gates all inputs and outputs are             
          digital signals," only refers to the digital data representation            
          and does not imply anything about the implementation of the logic           
          circuits.  Appellants may be confusing digital signals with the             
          circuitry that implements the signals.  While there are some                
          logic implementations that could be considered pure digital                 
          (e.g., a switch which is either closed or open), there are many             
          logic implementations that use analog devices to produce signals            

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