California Evidence Code ARTICLE 2 - Means of Authenticating and Proving Writings

• Section 1410.
  Nothing in this article shall be construed to limit the means by which a writing may be authenticated or proved.(Enacted by Stats. 1965, Ch. 299.)
• Section 1410.5.
  (a) For purposes of this chapter, a writing shall include any graffiti consisting of written words, insignia, symbols, or any other markings which convey a particular...
• Section 1411.
  Except as provided by statute, the testimony of a subscribing witness is not required to authenticate a writing.(Enacted by Stats. 1965, Ch. 299.)
• Section 1412.
  If the testimony of a subscribing witness is required by statute to authenticate a writing and the subscribing witness denies or does not recollect the...
• Section 1413.
  A writing may be authenticated by anyone who saw the writing made or executed, including a subscribing witness.(Enacted by Stats. 1965, Ch. 299.)
• Section 1414.
  A writing may be authenticated by evidence that:(a) The party against whom it is offered has at any time admitted its authenticity; or(b) The writing has been...
• Section 1415.
  A writing may be authenticated by evidence of the genuineness of the handwriting of the maker.(Enacted by Stats. 1965, Ch. 299.)
• Section 1416.
  A witness who is not otherwise qualified to testify as an expert may state his opinion whether a writing is in the handwriting of a...
• Section 1417.
  The genuineness of handwriting, or the lack thereof, may be proved by a comparison made by the trier of fact with handwriting (a) which the...
• Section 1418.
  The genuineness of writing, or the lack thereof, may be proved by a comparison made by an expert witness with writing (a) which the court...
• Section 1419.
  Where a writing whose genuineness is sought to be proved is more than 30 years old, the comparison under Section 1417 or 1418 may be...
• Section 1420.
  A writing may be authenticated by evidence that the writing was received in response to a communication sent to the person who is claimed by...
• Section 1421.
  A writing may be authenticated by evidence that the writing refers to or states matters that are unlikely to be known to anyone other than...

Last modified: October 22, 2018