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involved in the decisions and day-to-day operations relating to
the California corporations.
In California, during 1986, 1987, and 1988, Mr. Makalintal
and petitioner employed a cook and a chauffeur, and two of their
children attended private schools. During 1986, Mr. Makalintal
purchased a Ferrari and three Mercedes Benz automobiles.
Mr. Makalintal did not allow petitioner to drive any of the
automobiles.
In November of 1986, Mr. Makalintal apparently sold or
deeded the Greenbrae home to Mr. Santos. Mr. Makalintal and
petitioner, however, continued to live in the Greenbrae home.
Although the record is not clear, it appears that sometime before
1990, the Greenbrae home was deeded back to Mr. Makalintal and
petitioner.
During 1986, 1987, and 1988, Mr. Makalintal and petitioner’s
standard of living remained at a level similar to that which they
had enjoyed in the Philippines.
Throughout their marriage, petitioner lived in fear of
Mr. Makalintal. He repeatedly physically abused petitioner. On
numerous occasions, Mr. Makalintal threatened to kill petitioner
with a gun or a knife. During 1986, 1987, and 1988,
Mr. Makalintal did not allow petitioner to leave the Greenbrae
home without his permission, and from late 1987 through early
1990, after Ms. Cruz and Ms. Ombawa began working for the
California corporations, Mr. Makalintal required petitioner to
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