John R. Hernandez - Page 18

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          City S. Ry. Co. & Affiliated Cos. v. Commissioner, 16 B.T.A. 665,           
          694 (1929) (“the term ‘obligations of the United States’ * * *              
          [includes] bonds or other similar evidences of indebtedness”),              
          affd. in part and revd. in part on another issue and remanded 52            
          F.2d 372 (8th Cir. 1931); see also United States Trust Co. v.               
          Anderson, 65 F.2d 575, 577 (2d Cir. 1933); Newlin Machinery Corp.           
          v. Commissioner, 28 T.C. 837, 841-842 (1957); sec. 1.103-1(b),              
          Income Tax Regs.                                                            
               Consistent with the notion that exclusions from gross income           
          are to be construed narrowly, Commissioner v. Schleier, 515 U.S.            
          323, 328 (1995); Harbor Bancorp & Subs. v. Commissioner, 105 T.C.           
          260, 287 (1995), affd. 115 F.3d 722 (9th Cir. 1997), not all                
          interest-bearing obligations issued by State and local                      
          governments qualify as section 103(c)(1) obligations.  Courts               
          have long held that, in order to entitle the holder to an                   
          exclusion from gross income for interest earned thereon, the                
          subject obligation must have been issued by the State or                    
          political subdivision as an exercise of its sovereign borrowing             
          power.  See, e.g., Stewart v. Commissioner, 714 F.2d 977, 981-982           
          (9th Cir. 1983), affg. T.C. Memo. 1982-209; Drew v. United                  
          States, 551 F.2d 85, 87 (5th Cir. 1977); United States Trust Co.            
          v. Anderson, supra at 577-578; King v. Commissioner, 77 T.C.                
          1113, 1118 (1981).  This limitation derives from the notion that            
          the purpose of the section 103 exclusion is to enable States and            





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