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the construction business. Specifically, he was a roofer who did
shell work, beam work, and put on trusses, sheeting, and plywood.
Prior to 1993, he worked alone. In 1993, he hired carpenters and
laborers to help him construct the roofs. He constructed roofs
for new residential construction projects, and usually worked on
one or two houses at a time.
During the years in issue, Mr. Furnish would put together
crews to help him construct the roofs. He usually had at least
seven men on the job.2 A crew of seven consisted of six
carpenters and one laborer. He paid the carpenters $15 per hour
and the laborer $7 per hour. Most of the people working in Mr.
Furnish’s crews did not speak English. He had one man who
understood English and translated to the other men.
During the years in issue, he and his crew would normally
work 8 hours a day and 5 days a week. Occasionally, however,
they would also work on weekends. Mr. Furnish and his crew
worked regardless of the weather. They worked through the rain,
and when there was lightning they waited until it stopped.
In 1993, because there was no work in West Palm Beach,
Florida, Mr. Furnish drove his truck 50 miles each way to Coral
Springs, Florida. During the years in issue, Mr. Furnish
2 Mr. Furnish needed seven people to set up the trusses:
one to hook them up, one on each side of the wall, one to catch
the middle, two to set the trusses along the beam, and one to
strip them.
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Last modified: May 25, 2011