Cite as: 536 U. S. 452 (2002)
Scalia, J., dissenting
case—I disagree with the Court's holding that appellants have standing under Article III of the Constitution to bring this suit.
As the Court acknowledges, in order to establish standing, appellants must show that the federal courts "have the power to redress the injury that the [federal appellees] allegedly caused [them]." Ante, at 459 (internal quotation marks omitted). Yet the Court does not dispute that, even if appellants were to succeed in their challenge and a court were to order the Secretary of Commerce to recalculate the final census, their injury would not be redressed "unless the President accepts the new numbers, changes his calculations accordingly, and issues a new reapportionment statement to Congress . . . ." Franklin, supra, at 824. That fact is fatal to appellants' standing because appellants have not sued the President to force him to take these steps—and could not successfully do so even if they tried, since "no court has authority to direct the President to take an official act," 505 U. S., at 826. As the Court acknowledged in Franklin, the President enjoys the discretion to refuse to issue a new reap-portionment statement to Congress: "[H]e is not . . . required to adhere to the policy decisions reflected in the Secretary's report." Id., at 799; see also id., at 800. It displays gross disrespect to the President to assume that he will obediently follow the advice of his subordinates—in this case, a new report by his Secretary, recommending that he alter his prior determination. Id., at 824-825 (Scalia, J., concurring in part and concurring in judgment). Thus, because appellants' "standing depends on the unfettered choices made by independent actors not before the courts and whose exercise of broad and legitimate discretion the courts cannot presume either to control or to predict," Lujan v. Defenders of Wild-life, 504 U. S. 555, 562 (1992) (internal quotation marks omitted), standing in this case does not exist.
The case for appellants' standing is even weaker than I described it in Franklin. Redress of their alleged injuries
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