Cite as: 540 U. S. 93 (2003)
Opinion of the Court
the definition has chilled political speech, whether between candidates and their supporters or by the supporters to the general public. See Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union, 521 U. S. 844, 874 (1997) (noting risk that vague statutes may chill protected expression). And, although plaintiffs speculate that the FEC could engage in intrusive and politically motivated investigations into alleged coordination, they do not even attempt to explain why an agreement requirement would solve that problem. Moreover, the only evidence plaintiffs have adduced regarding the enforcement of the coordination provision during its 27-year history concerns three investigations in the late 1990's into groups on different sides of the political aisle. Such meager evidence does not support the claim that § 315(a)(7)(B)(ii) will "foster 'arbitrary and discriminatory application.' " Buckley, supra, at 41, n. 48 (quoting Grayned v. City of Rockford, 408 U. S., at 108-109). We conclude that FECA's definition of coordination gives "fair notice to those to whom [it] is directed," American Communications Assn. v. Douds, 339 U. S. 382, 412 (1950), and is not unconstitutionally vague. Finally, portions of plaintiffs' challenge to BCRA § 214
focus on the regulations the FEC has promulgated under § 214(c). 11 CFR § 109.21 (2003). As the District Court explained, issues concerning the regulations are not appropriately raised in this facial challenge to BCRA, but must be pursued in a separate proceeding. Thus, we agree with the District Court that plaintiffs' challenge to §§ 214(b) and (c) is not ripe to the extent that the alleged constitutional infirmi-ties are found in the implementing regulations rather than the statute itself.
The portions of the District Court judgment rejecting plaintiffs' challenges to BCRA § 214 are affirmed.
V
Many years ago we observed that "[t]o say that Congress is without power to pass appropriate legislation to safe-
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