Appeal No. 1997-3019
Application No. 08/404,122
[Lipkowitz] teach[es] that the generation of aldehyde moieties on cell surface
structures by treatment with neuraminidase and galactose oxidase induce[s]
marked proliferation of lymphocytes (p 2702, column 1). [Lipkowitz] also
teach[es] that oxidized macrophages are potent stimulators of T cells and
that oxidized B and T cells can also stimulate T cell proliferation provided
macrophages or macrophage-dependent soluble mediators are present in
the cell culture medium (p 2702 column 2).
Rhodes teaches that T cells may be activated by generating aldehydes (via
oxidation) on membrane glycoproteins by means of galactose oxidase
reacting with the galactosyl or N-acetylgalactosaminyl residues exposed
after neuraminidase treatment. These aldehydes then react covalently with
ligands on class II positive accessory cells to form Schiff bases and the
result is a vigorous T cell proliferative response (p 1482, column 2,
paragraph 2).
[Gao] teach[es] that Schiff base-forming ligands play an essential role in the
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inductive interaction between Class II antigen presenting cells and T helper
cells (p 2889 column 2, last paragraph).
[Roitt] teach[es] that T helper cells recognize antigen processed by antigen
presenting cells and provide help to B cells which then secrete antibody
(Figure 8.8).
Ada teach[es] that the activation of antigen presenting cells, T cells and B
cells are all requirements of a vaccine (p 525, column 1).
It would have been obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art to include
galactose oxidase in the neuraminidase adjuvant composition taught by
[Knop] because neuraminidase and galactose oxidase result in biochemical
changes of membrane glycoproteins which, in turn, result in inducing the
activation of T cells and the interaction between antigen presenting cells and
T helper cells, as taught by [Lipkowitz] and Rhodes and [Gao]. Furthermore,
the activation of these cells is important in the production of antibodies and
is a requirement of a vaccine as taught by Roitt and Ada. Therefore, one of
ordinary skill in the art would expect that the combination of neuraminidase
and galactose oxidase would act as an adjuvant in a vaccine formulation by
enhancing the interactions between antigen presenting cells and T cells and
potentiating the immune response . . .
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