Jack J. Kramer - Page 23

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            unexplained based upon the record and concessions made by                                     
            respondent.  Tables 4, 9, and 14 summarize the unexplained                                    
            deposits and expenditures for the 3 years.                                                    
            Issue 1.  Deficiencies in 1985, 1986, and 1987                                                
                  Section 61 provides the general rule that gross income                                  
            includes income from whatever source derived.  To facilitate                                  
            calculating that income, section 6001, as interpreted by section                              
            1.6001-1(b), Income Tax Regs., requires taxpayers "to keep such                               
            records as will enable the district director to determine the                                 
            correct amount".  In the absence of such records, respondent may                              
            use indirect methods of proof of income such as the bank deposits                             
            method.  DiLeo v. Commissioner, 96 T.C. 858, 867 (1991), affd.                                
            959 F.2d 16 (2d Cir. 1992); Petzoldt v. Commissioner, 92 T.C.                                 
            661, 687 (1989); Estate of Mason v. Commissioner, 64 T.C. 651,                                
            657 (1975), affd. 566 F.2d 2 (6th Cir. 1977); Estate of Hague v.                              
            Commissioner, 45 B.T.A. 104 (1941), affd. 132 F.2d 775 (2d Cir.                               
            1943), affd. sub nom. Commissioner v. Uniacke, 132 F.2d 781 (2d                               
            Cir. 1942).  Respondent's determinations are entitled to a                                    
            presumption of correctness, and petitioner bears the burden of                                
            proof to rebut that presumption by a preponderance of the                                     
            evidence.  Rule 142(a); Welch v. Helvering, 290 U.S. 111 (1933);                              
            see also Reid v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1974-185, affd. without                             
            published opinion 516 F.2d 896 (2d Cir. 1975) (using the bank                                 
            deposits method, deducting identifiable items, and regarding the                              
            rest as unexplained deposits and thus taxable income, puts the                                




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