- 41 -                                         
          Commissioner, 990 F.2d 893 (6th Cir. 1993), affg. Donahue v.                
          Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1991-181; LaVerne v. Commissioner, 94              
          T.C. 637, 652-653 (1990), affd. without published opinion 956               
          F.2d 274 (9th Cir. 1992), affd. without published opinion sub               
          nom. Cowles v. Commissioner, 949 F.2d 401 (10th Cir. 1991);                 
          Marine v. Commissioner, 92 T.C. 958, 992-993 (1989), affd.                  
          without published opinion 921 F.2d 280 (9th Cir. 1991); McCrary             
          v. Commissioner, 92 T.C. 827, 850 (1989); Rybak v. Commissioner,            
          91 T.C. 524, 565 (1988).  Pleas of reliance have been rejected              
          when neither the taxpayer nor the advisers purportedly relied               
          upon by the taxpayer knew anything about the nontax business                
          aspects of the contemplated venture.  David v. Commissioner,                
          supra; Goldman v. Commissioner, supra; Freytag v. Commissioner,             
          supra; Beck v. Commissioner, 85 T.C. 557 (1985); Lax v.                     
          Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1994-329, affd. without published                  
          opinion 72 F.3d 123 (3d Cir. 1995); Sacks v. Commissioner, supra;           
          Steerman v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1993-447; Rogers v.                    
          Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1990-619; see also the Plastics                    
          Recycling cases cited, supra note 2.                                        
                    b.  Becker                                                        
               Becker had no education, special qualifications, or                    
          professional skills in plastics engineering, plastics recycling,            
          or plastics materials.  In evaluating the Plastics Recycling                
          transactions and organizing the SAB Recycling Partnerships,                 
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