James C. Estrada - Page 6

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          v. Commissioner, 431 F.2d 1222 (9th Cir. 1970), affg. T.C. Memo.            
          1968-257.  Respondent must prove any increase in those                      
          deficiencies asserted in her amended answer.  Rule 142(a); see              
          also Robinson v. Commissioner, 102 T.C. 116, 124 (1994), affd. in           
          part and revd. on another issue 70 F.3d 34 (5th Cir. 1995);                 
          Estate of Bowers v. Commissioner, 94 T.C. 582, 595 (1990).                  
               Section 61(a) defines gross income as "all income from                 
          whatever source derived."  Sec. 61(a)(1).  This definition                  
          includes all "accessions to wealth, clearly realized, and over              
          which the taxpayers have complete dominion."  Commissioner v.               
          Glenshaw Glass Co., 348 U.S. 426, 431 (1955); Hawkins v. United             
          States, 30 F.3d 1077, 1079 (9th Cir. 1994).                                 
               Although a taxpayer has the legal right to minimize his                
          taxes through legally permissible means, see Gregory v.                     
          Helvering, 293 U.S. 465, 469 (1935), this right does not permit             
          the taxpayer to structure a paper entity to avoid tax when that             
          entity lacks economic reality.  See Markosian v. Commissioner,              
          73 T.C. 1235, 1241 (1980).  When the form of the transaction has            
          not altered any cognizable economic relationships, we look                  
          through that form and apply the tax law according to the                    
          substance of the transaction.  Furman v. Commissioner, 45 T.C.              
          360 (1966), affd. per curiam 381 F.2d 22 (5th Cir. 1967).                   
               Our review of the record shows that petitioner is liable for           
          deficiencies for the subject years equal to the amounts asserted            
          by respondent in here second amendment to answer.  The record               




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