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          elected, a director must receive the vote of 80 percent of the              
          shareholders.  Thus, Furukawa or Sumitomo could block board                 
          membership for anyone Burndy-US nominated to serve as a director.           
               The Burndy-Japan shareholders agreed in 1973 that Burndy-US            
          could nominate four directors and the president.  The president             
          of a Japanese corporation must be a director.  Sh�h� (the                   
          Commercial Code of Japan), Law No. 48, March 9, 1899, as amended,           
          at Book II, chap. 4, sec. 261-1, reprinted from Kitagawa, Doing             
          Business in Japan, app. 5A (1994).  Thus, Burndy-US could not               
          nominate a fifth member of the board of directors to serve as               
          president unless Furukawa and Sumitomo agreed.                              
                         ii. Breaking Tie Votes                                       
               Petitioners contend that Burndy-US had the power to break a            
          tie vote of the Burndy-Japan board of directors because Burndy-US           
          could name the chairman or president, who could cast a second               
          vote to break a tie.  We disagree.  First, Burndy-US could not              
          unilaterally choose Burndy-Japan’s president for reasons stated             
          in the previous paragraph.  The articles of incorporation provide           
          that the board of directors could elect a chairman.  Thus,                  
          Burndy-US could not unilaterally choose the chairman.  Second,              
          the second vote to break a tie is invalid under Japanese law for            
          reasons discussed next.                                                     
               Hideki Kanda (Kanda), petitioners’ witness who is a                    
          professor of law at Tokyo University, cited an article, Horiguchi           
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