- 43 -                                         
               Even if we were to conclude that a reasonably prudent person           
          in petitioner’s position at the time she signed the returns for             
          the years at issue could not have been expected to know of the              
          items giving rise to the deficiencies in this case, we would                
          still conclude that petitioner had failed to satisfy her duty of            
          inquiry.  Petitioner and Mr. Capehart did not make any effort to            
          verify the most important and most basic facts essential for the            
          viability of the Hoyt partnership investments and their tax                 
          consequences.  For example, they conducted no investigation                 
          whatsoever of whether the Hoyt partnerships in which they were              
          investing actually owned cattle in sufficient numbers and with              
          sufficient value to support the projected loss deductions.  They            
          did not ask a knowledgeable tax professional to investigate or              
          verify that they would have sufficient basis in their Hoyt                  
          partnership investments to claim their distributive shares of               
          partnership losses.  They allowed the promoter of the Hoyt                  
          partnerships to prepare their personal income tax returns, and              
          they apparently never requested or obtained verification that the           
          IRA contributions claimed on their joint returns had actually               
          been made by the contribution deadlines.  We conclude, therefore,           
          that this positive factor does not apply because petitioner had             
          reason to know of the items giving rise to the deficiency and               
          failed to satisfy her duty of inquiry with respect to those                 
          items.                                                                      
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