Cite as: 512 U. S. 298 (1994)
Opinion of the Court
Justice Ginsburg delivered the opinion of the Court. Eleven years ago, in Container Corp. of America v. Franchise Tax Bd., 463 U. S. 159 (1983), this Court upheld California's income-based corporate franchise tax, as applied to a
F. Eugene Wirwahn; for the Federation of German Industries et al. by Mr. Wirwahn; for Keidanren (Japan Federation of Economic Organizations) by C. David Swenson, Dennis I. Meyer, Leonard B. Terr, and Harry A. Franks, Jr.; for the Japan Tax Association by John A. Sturgeon; for the Organization for International Investment Inc. et al. by James Merle Carter; for Reuters Ltd. by Steven Alan Reiss and Philip T. Kaplan; and for the Washington Legal Foundation by Daniel J. Popeo and Richard A. Samp.
Briefs of amici curiae urging reversal in No. 92-1839 were filed for the Chamber of Commerce of the United States by Timothy B. Dyk, Beth Heifetz, Robin S. Conrad, Mona C. Zeiberg, and Jan S. Amundson; and for the National Foreign Trade Council, Inc., et al. by Philip D. Morrison and Mary C. Bennett.
Briefs of amici curiae urging affirmance in both cases were filed for the State of Alaska et al. by Bruce M. Botelho, Attorney General of Alaska, and Lauri J. Adams, Assistant Attorney General, and by the Attorneys General for their respective States as follows: Joseph P. Mazurek of Montana, Jeffrey R. Howard of New Hampshire, and Theodore R. Kulongoski of Oregon; for the State of New Mexico et al. by Tom Udall, Attorney General of New Mexico, Daniel Yohalen, Assistant Attorney General, and Bruce J. Fort and Frank D. Katz, Special Assistant Attorneys General, and by the Attorneys General for their respective States as follows: Winston Bryant of Arkansas, Gale A. Norton of Colorado, Larry EchoHawk of Idaho, Michael E. Carpenter of Maine, and Jeffrey B. Pine of Rhode Island; for the State of North Dakota et al. by M. K. Heidi Heitkamp, Attorney General of North Dakota, and Donnita A. Wald, Assistant Attorney General, Robert A. Marks, Attorney General of Hawaii, and Kevin T. Wakayama, Supervising Deputy Attorney General, and Robert T. Stephan, Attorney General of Kansas; for the California Legislature by Bion M. Gregory, James A. Marsala, Baldev S. Heir, and Michael R. Kelly; for the California Tax Reform Association et al. by Jack A. Blum and Martin Lobel; for Citizens for Tax Justice by Jonathan P. Hiatt; for the Council of State Governments et al. by Richard Ruda and Lee Fennell; for the Multistate Tax Commission by Alan H. Friedman and Paull Mines; for Senator Dorgan et al. by Charles Rothwell Nesson; and for Congressman Edwards et al. by Martin Lobel, Jack A. Blum, and Dina R. Lassow.
Eric J. Miethke, John E. Mueller, and Sheridan M. Cranmer filed a brief for Litton Industries, Inc., et al. as amici curiae urging affirmance in No. 92-1839.
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