Ex parte KATSURABAYASHI et al. - Page 7




          Appeal No. 1998-0874                                                        
          Application 08/318,513                                                      


          825 (1988); Ashland Oil, Inc. v. Delta Resins & Refractories,               
          Inc., 776 F.2d 281, 293, 227 USPQ 657, 664 (Fed. Cir. 1985),                
          cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1017 (1986); ACS Hosp. Sys., Inc. v.                 
          Montefiore Hosp., 732 F.2d 1572, 1577, 221 USPQ 929, 933 (Fed.              
          Cir. 1984).  These showings by the examiner are an essential                
          part of complying with the burden of presenting a prima facie               
          case of obviousness.  Note In re Oetiker, 977 F.2d 1443, 1445,              
          24 USPQ2d 1443, 1444 (Fed. Cir. 1992).  If that burden is met,              
          the burden then shifts to the applicant to overcome the prima               
          facie case with argument and/or evidence.  Obviousness is then              
          determined on the basis of the evidence as a whole and the                  
          relative persuasiveness of the                                              




          arguments.  See Id.; In re Hedges, 783 F.2d 1038, 1039, 228                 
          USPQ 685, 686 (Fed. Cir. 1986); In re Piasecki, 745 F.2d 1468,              
          1472, 223 USPQ 785, 788 (Fed. Cir. 1984); and In re Rinehart,               
          531 F.2d 1048, 1052, 189 USPQ 143, 147 (CCPA 1976).  Only                   
          those arguments actually made by appellants have been                       
          considered in this decision.  Arguments which appellants could              


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