Appeal No. 1998-1154
Application No. 08/304,960
of a suggestion, teaching, or motivation to combine may flow
from the prior art references themselves, the knowledge of one
of ordinary skill in the art, or from the nature of the
problem to be solved, but the showing must be clear and
particular. See In re Dembiczak, 175 F.3d 994, 999, 50 USPQ2d
1614, 1617 (Fed. Cir. 1999).
Yonezawa is directed to ion implantation of only aluminum
alloys, not pure aluminum (see col. 1, ll. 44-46), with metal
ions selected from the group consisting of Cu, Mg, Ni, Cr, Mn,
Ti or Y (col. 1, ll. 47-48; col. 5, ll. 8-14). Natishan is
only directed to ion implanation of pure aluminum (abstract;
page 321, right column, last full paragraph) with metal ions
selected from the group consisting of Si, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Zn,
or Mg (abstract; page 321, left column, third paragraph). In
contrast with these two primary references, the secondary
reference to Armini is directed to ion implantation of “an
alloy primarily consisting of titanium” (col. 2, ll. 8-13)
only with zirconium ions (col. 2, ll. 21-27; col. 3, ll. 2-5).
Armini specifically teaches that “[t]he workpiece may also be
a surgical alloy composed primarily of titanium, such as
titanium-6aluminum-4vanadium.” See col. 4, ll. 6-8. As
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