Appeal 2007-0781
Application 10/003,150
In particular, the Supreme Court emphasized that “the principles laid
down in Graham reaffirmed the ‘functional approach’ of Hotchkiss, 11
How. 248.” KSR, 127 S.Ct. at 1739, 82 USPQ2d at 1395 (citing Graham,
383 U.S. at 12, 148 USPQ at 464 (emphasis added)), and reaffirmed
principles based on its precedent that “[t]he combination of familiar
elements according to known methods is likely to be obvious when it does
no more than yield predictable results.” Id. The Court explained:
When a work is available in one field of endeavor,
design incentives and other market forces can
prompt variations of it, either in the same field or a
different one. If a person of ordinary skill can
implement a predictable variation, §103 likely bars
its patentability. For the same reason, if a
technique has been used to improve one device,
and a person of ordinary skill in the art would
recognize that it would improve similar devices in
the same way, using the technique is obvious
unless its actual application is beyond his or her
skill.
Id. at 1740, 82 USPQ2d at 1396. The operative question in this “functional
approach” is thus “whether the improvement is more than the predictable use
of prior art elements according to their established functions.” Id.
The Supreme Court made clear that “[f]ollowing these principles may
be more difficult in other cases than it is here because the claimed subject
matter may involve more than the simple substitution of one known element
for another or the mere application of a known technique to a piece of prior
art ready for the improvement.” Id. The Court explained, “[o]ften, it will be
necessary for a court to look to interrelated teachings of multiple patents; the
effects of demands known to the design community or present in the
11
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