New York Civil Practice Law & Rules Article 45 - EVIDENCE

• 4501 - Self-Incrimination.
  A competent witness shall not be excused from answering a relevant question, on the ground only that the answer may tend to establish that he...
• 4502 - Spouse.
  (a) Incompetency where issue adultery. A husband or wife is not competent to testify against the other in an action founded upon adultery, except to...
• 4503 - Attorney.
  (a) 1. Confidential communication privileged. Unless the client waives the privilege, an attorney or his or her employee, or any person who obtains without the...
• 4504 - Physician, Dentist, Podiatrist, Chiropractor and Nurse.
  (a) Confidential information privileged. Unless the patient waives the privilege, a person authorized to practice medicine, registered professional nursing, licensed practical nursing, dentistry, podiatry or...
• 4505 - Confidential Communication to Clergy Privileged.
  Unless the person confessing or confiding waives the privilege, a clergyman, or other minister of any religion or duly accredited Christian Science practitioner, shall not...
• 4506 - Eavesdropping Evidence; Admissibility; Motion to Suppress in Certain Cases.
  1. The contents of any overheard or recorded communication, conversation or discussion, or evidence derived therefrom, which has been obtained by conduct constituting the crime...
• 4507 - Psychologist.
  The confidential relations and communications between a psychologist registered under the provisions of article one hundred fifty-three of the education law and his client are...
• 4508 - Social Worker.
  (a) Confidential information privileged. A person licensed as a licensed master social worker or a licensed clinical social worker under the provisions of article one...
• 4509 - Library Records.
  Library records, which contain names or other personally identifying details regarding the users of public, free association, school, college and university libraries and library systems...
• 4510 - Rape Crisis Counselor.
  (a) Definitions. When used in this section, the following terms shall have the following meanings: 1. "Rape crisis program" means any office, institution or center...
• R4511 - Judicial Notice of Law.
  Rule 4511. Judicial notice of law. (a) When judicial notice shall be taken without request. Every court shall take judicial notice without request of the...
• 4512 - Competency of Interested Witness or Spouse.
  Except as otherwise expressly prescribed, a person shall not be excluded or excused from being a witness, by reason of his interest in the event...
• 4513 - Competency of Person Convicted of Crime.
  A person who has been convicted of a crime is a competent witness; but the conviction may be proved, for the purpose of affecting the...
• R4514 - Impeachment of Witness by Prior Inconsistent Statement.
  Rule 4514. Impeachment of witness by prior inconsistent statement. In addition to impeachment in the manner permitted by common law, any party may introduce proof...
• R4515 - Form of Expert Opinion.
  Rule 4515. Form of expert opinion. Unless the court orders otherwise, questions calling for the opinion of an expert witness need not be hypothetical in...
• R4516 - Proof of Age of Child.
  Rule 4516. Proof of age of child. Whenever it becomes necessary to determine the age of a child, he may be produced and exhibited to...
• R4517 - Prior Testimony in a Civil Action.
  Rule 4517. Prior testimony in a civil action. (a) Impeachment of witnesses; parties; unavailable witness. In a civil action, at the trial or upon the...
• R4518 - Business Records.
  Rule 4518. Business records. (a) Generally. Any writing or record, whether in the form of an entry in a book or otherwise, made as a...
• 4519 - Personal Transaction or Communication Between Witness and Decedent or Mentally Ill Person.
  Upon the trial of an action or the hearing upon the merits of a special proceeding, a party or a person interested in the event,...
• R4520 - Certificate or Affidavit of Public Officer.
  Rule 4520. Certificate or affidavit of public officer. Where a public officer is required or authorized, by special provision of law, to make a certificate...
• R4521 - Lack of Record.
  Rule 4521. Lack of record. A statement signed by an officer or a deputy of an officer having legal custody of specified official records of...
• R4522 - Ancient Filed Maps, Surveys and Records Affecting Real Property.
  Rule 4522. Ancient filed maps, surveys and records affecting real property. All maps, surveys and official records affecting real property, which have been on file...
• R4523 - Search by Title Insurance or Abstract Company.
  Rule 4523. Search by title insurance or abstract company. A search affecting real property, when made and certified to by a title insurance, abstract or...
• R4524 - Conveyance of Real Property Without the State.
  Rule 4524. Conveyance of real property without the state. A record of a conveyance of real property situated within another state, territory or jurisdiction of...
• R4525 - Copies of Statements Under Article Nine of the Uniform Commercial Code.
  Rule 4525. Copies of statements under article nine of the uniform commercial code. A copy of a statement which is noted or certified by a...
• R4526 - Marriage Certificate.
  Rule 4526. Marriage certificate. An original certificate of a marriage made by the person by whom it was solemnized within the state, or the original...
• 4527 - Death or Other Status of Missing Person.
  (a) Presumed death. A written finding of presumed death, made by any person authorized to make such findings by the federal missing persons act is...
• R4528 - Weather Conditions.
  Rule 4528. Weather conditions. Any record of the observations of the weather, taken under the direction of the United States weather bureau, is prima facie...
• R4529 - Inspection Certificate Issued by United States Department of Agriculture.
  Rule 4529. Inspection certificate issued by United States department of agriculture. An inspection certificate issued by the authorized agents of the United States department of...
• 4530 - Certificate of Population.
  (a) Prima facie evidence. A certificate of the officer in charge of the census of the United States, attested by the United States secretary of...
• R4531 - Affidavit of Service or Posting Notice by Person Unavailable At Trial.
  Rule 4531. Affidavit of service or posting notice by person unavailable at trial. An affidavit by a person who served, posted or affixed a notice,...
• R4532 - Self-Authentication of Newspapers and Periodicals of General Circulation.
  Rule 4532. Self-authentication of newspapers and periodicals of general circulation. Extrinsic evidence of authenticity as a condition precedent to admissibility is not required with respect...
• R4532-a - Admissibility of Graphic, Numerical, Symbolic or Pictorial Representations of Medical or Diagnostic Tests.
  Rule 4532-a. Admissibility of graphic, numerical, symbolic or pictorial representations of medical or diagnostic tests. A graphic, numerical, symbolic or pictorial representation of the results...
• R4533 - Market Reports.
  Rule 4533. Market reports. A report of a regularly organized stock or commodity market published in a newspaper or periodical of general circulation or in...
• R4533-a - Prima Facie Proof of Damages.
  Rule 4533-a. Prima facie proof of damages. An itemized bill or invoice, receipted or marked paid, for services or repairs of an amount not in...
• R4533-b - Proof of Payment by Joint Tort-Feasor.
  Rule 4533-b. Proof of payment by joint tort-feasor. In an action for personal injury, injury to property or for wrongful death, any proof as to...
• R4534 - Standard of Measurement Used by Surveyor.
  Rule 4534. Standard of measurement used by surveyor. An official certificate of any state, county, city, village or town sealer elected or appointed pursuant to...
• R4536 - Proof of Writing by Comparison of Handwriting.
  Rule 4536. Proof of writing by comparison of handwriting. Comparison of a disputed writing with any writing proved to the satisfaction of the court to...
• R4537 - Proof of Writing Subscribed by Witness.
  Rule 4537. Proof of writing subscribed by witness. Unless a writing requires a subscribing witness for its validity, it may be proved as if there...
• R4538 - Acknowledged, Proved or Certified Writing; Conveyance of Real Property Without the State.
  Rule 4538. Acknowledged, proved or certified writing; conveyance of real property without the state. Certification of the acknowledgment or proof of a writing, except a...
• R4539 - Reproductions of Original.
  Rule 4539. Reproductions of original. (a) If any business, institution, or member of a profession or calling, in the regular course of business or activity...
• R4540 - Authentication of Official Record of Court or Government Office in the United States.
  Rule 4540. Authentication of official record of court or government office in the United States. (a) Copies permitted. An official publication, or a copy attested...
• R4541 - Proof of Proceedings Before Justice of the Peace.
  Rule 4541. Proof of proceedings before justice of the peace. (a) Of the state. A transcript from the docket-book of a justice of the peace...
• R4542 - Proof of Foreign Records and Documents.
  Rule 4542. Proof of foreign records and documents. (a) Foreign record. A foreign official record, or an entry therein, when admissible for any purpose, may...
• 4543 - Proof of Facts or Writing by Methods Other Than Those Authorized in This Article.
  Nothing in this article prevents the proof of a fact or a writing by any method authorized by any applicable statute or by the rules...
• 4544 - Contracts in Small Print.
  The portion of any printed contract or agreement involving a consumer transaction or a lease for space to be occupied for residential purposes where the...
• 4545 - Admissibility of Collateral Source of Payment.
  (a) Actions for personal injury, injury to property or wrongful death. In any action brought to recover damages for personal injury, injury to property or...
• 4546 - Loss of Earnings and Impairment of Earning Ability in Actions for Medical, Dental or Podiatric Malpractice.
  1. In any action for medical, dental or podiatric malpractice where the plaintiff seeks to recover damages for loss of earnings or impairment of earning...
• 4547 - Compromise and Offers to Compromise.
  Evidence of (a) furnishing, or offering or promising to furnish, or (b) accepting, or offering or promising to accept, any valuable consideration in compromising or...
• 4548 - Privileged Communications; Electronic Communication Thereof.
  No communication privileged under this article shall lose its privileged character for the sole reason that it is communicated by electronic means or because persons...

Last modified: February 3, 2019