John C. Vanderschraaf and Cornelia Vanderschraaf, et al. - Page 18

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          repeated below, is relevant to the additions to tax and increased           
          interest at issue herein.                                                   
               For the years before us, section 6653(a)(1) provides additions         
          to tax equal to 5 percent of the underpayments if any part of the           
          underpayments are due to negligence or intentional disregard of             
          rules or regulations.  Section 6653(a)(2) provides an addition to           
          tax of 50 percent of the interest on the portion of the                     
          underpayment attributable to negligence.  Negligence under section          
          6653(a)(1) and (2) constitutes the failure to exercise due care or          
          the failure to do what a reasonable or ordinarily prudent person            
          would do under the circumstances.  Zmuda v. Commissioner, 731 F.2d          
          1417, 1422 (9th Cir. 1984), affg. 79 T.C. 714 (1982); Neely v.              
          Commissioner, 85 T.C. 934, 947 (1985).                                      
               With regard to our analysis of the additions to tax, it is             
          important to note that one of respondent's own expert witnesses             
          acknowledges that investors may have been significantly and                 
          reasonably influenced by the energy price hysteria that existed in          
          the late 1970's and early 1980's to invest in EOR technology.  A            
          number of industry and governmental reports and publications                
          encouraged investors to invest in EOR technology.  Various                  
          governmental incentives, funding, and subsidies were directed at            
          development of EOR technology.  In the early 1980's, a large amount         
          of money was spent on the development of technology for the                 
          recovery of oil from shale and synthetic fuels in spite of the fact         






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