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otherwise prevent the collection of such tax. Recklitis
v. Commissioner, 91 T.C. 874, 909 (1988); Rowlee v.
Commissioner, 80 T.C. 1111, 1123 (1983). In the case of
a joint return, respondent must prove some part of the
underpayment is due to the fraud of each spouse. Sec.
6653(b)(4); Hicks Co. v. Commissioner, 56 T.C. 982, 1030
(1971), affd. 470 F.2d 87 (1st Cir. 1972); Stone v.
Commissioner, 56 T.C. 213, 227-228 (1971).
The existence of fraud is a question of fact to be
resolved upon consideration of the entire record. DiLeo
v. Commissioner, 96 T.C. 858, 874 (1991), affd. 959 F.2d
16 (2d Cir. 1992); Gajewski v. Commissioner, 67 T.C. 181,
199 (1976), affd. without published opinion 578 F.2d 1383
(8th Cir. 1978). Fraud will never be imputed or presumed
but must be established by clear and convincing evidence.
Beaver v. Commissioner, 55 T.C. 85, 92 (1970). Since
direct proof of a taxpayer's fraudulent intent is rarely
available, fraud may be shown by circumstantial evidence.
Stephenson v. Commissioner, 79 T.C. 995, 1005-1006
(1982), affd. per curiam 748 F.2d 331 (6th Cir. 1984).
A taxpayer's entire course of conduct may establish the
requisite fraudulent intent. Stone v. Commissioner,
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