Raymond E. Roth - Page 8

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               For this purpose, respondent need not prove the precise                
          amount of the underpayment resulting from fraud, but only that              
          there is some underpayment and that some part of it is                      
          attributable to fraud.  E.g., Lee v. United States, 466 F.2d 11,            
          16-17 (5th Cir. 1972); Plunkett v. Commissioner, 465 F.2d 299,              
          303 (7th Cir. 1972), affg. T.C. Memo. 1970-274.  In carrying this           
          burden, respondent may not rely on petitioner’s failure to meet             
          his burden of proving error in respondent’s determinations as to            
          the deficiencies.  E.g., Petzoldt v. Commissioner, 92 T.C. 661,             
          700 (1989); Habersham-Bey v. Commissioner, 78 T.C. 304, 312                 
          (1982), and cases cited therein.                                            
               Where fraud is determined for each of several years,                   
          respondent’s burden applies separately for each of the years.               
          Drieborg v. Commissioner, 225 F.2d 216, 219-220 (6th Cir. 1955),            
          affg. in part and revg. in part a Memorandum Opinion of this                
          Court dated Feb. 24, 1954; Estate of Stein v. Commissioner, 25              
          T.C. 940, 959-963 (1956), affd. sub nom. Levine v. Commissioner,            
          250 F.2d 798 (2d Cir. 1958).  A mere understatement of income               
          does not establish fraud.  However, a pattern of consistent                 
          underreporting of income for a number of years is strong evidence           
          of fraud.  Estate of Mazzoni v. Commissioner, 451 F.2d 197, 202             
          (3d Cir. 1971), affg. T.C. Memos. 1970-144 and 1970-37; Adler v.            
          Commissioner, 422 F.2d 63, 66 (6th Cir. 1970), affg. T.C. Memo.             
          1968-100; Otsuki v. Commissioner, 53 T.C. at 108.                           





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