- 108 -
the transferor and transferee, (3) retention of possession of the
property by the transferor, (4) the transfer of the debtor's
entire estate, (5) reservation of benefits, control, or dominion
by the debtor, (6) insolvency of the transferor at the time or
after the conveyance, (7) the pendency or threat of litigation
against the transferor, and (8) secrecy or concealment of the
transaction. See, e.g, United States v. Horton, 760 F.2d 1225,
1228 (11th Cir. 1985); United States v. Fernon, supra; Harper v.
United States, 769 F. Supp. 362, 367 (M.D. Fla. 1991); Advest,
Inc. v. Rader, supra; United States v. Ressler, 433 F. Supp. 459,
464 (S.D. Fla. 1977), affd. per curiam on another issue 576 F.2d
650 (5th Cir. 1978); Money v. Powell, 139 So. 2d 702, 703-704
(Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1962); Banner Const. Corp. v. Arnold, 128
So. 2d 893, 896 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1961); Cleveland Trust Co.
v. Foster, 93 So. 2d 112, 114 (Fla. 1957). Furthermore, intent
need not be actual. See United States v. Ressler, supra, Stelle
v. Dennis, 104 Fla. 384, 140 So. 194, 195 (1932); A transfer
that has the legal effect of causing delay or hindrance to
creditors constitutes fraud in law regardless of the actual
motives of the debtor. See Whetstone v. Coslick, supra at 668;
Livesay Indus., Inc. v. Livesay Window Co., 305 F.2d 934, 940
(5th Cir. 1962).
Page: Previous 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 NextLast modified: May 25, 2011