- 27 -                                         
          States, supra.  Accordingly, petitioners and Sidney’s estate are            
          sufficiently related to be treated as one taxpayer for purposes             
          of the duty of consistency.                                                 
               Respondent has established that all three elements of the              
          duty of consistency are present in this case.  Conrad and Carroll           
          agreed that the discounted value of the collection was                      
          $14,500,000, and the Commissioner relied upon that value in                 
          assessing the estate tax owed by Sidney’s estate.  Once the                 
          period for assessment against Sidney’s estate had closed,                   
          however, petitioners claimed that the collection’s undiscounted             
          value should be used to calculate the gallery’s COGS.  Because              
          all three elements of the duty of consistency are satisfied, we             
          hold that petitioners are bound to use the collection’s                     
          discounted value as their basis for purposes of calculating the             
          gallery’s COGS for 1990 through 1997.                                       
          Section 6662 Accuracy-Related Penalties                                     
               In petitioners’ statutory notices of deficiency, respondent            
          asserted accuracy-related penalties under section 6662(a) for               
          (1) negligence or disregard of rules or regulations,                        
          (2) substantial understatement of income tax, or (3) substantial            
          valuation overstatement.  On brief, however, respondent abandons            
          the negligence ground and asserts only that petitioners are                 
          liable for the accuracy-related penalties under section 6662(a)             
          for a substantial understatement of tax under section 6662(b)(2).           
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