-222-                                                   
            whether ownership changed from the initial issuance dates of the                            
            stock certificates that Kanter produced.                                                    
                  When the trustees of Kanter’s family trusts, Baskes and                               
            Weisgal, were asked to produce documents, they, likewise, failed                            
            to do so, on the ground that they did not have the requested                                
            information in their possession.  Weisgal, Transcr. at 469-470;                             
            Baskes, Transcr. at 574-578.                                                                
                  PSAC had a “policy” of refusing to turn documents over to                             
            anyone other than their owner.  Exh. 429; Exh. 9021, at 4;                                  
            Gallenberger, Transcr. at 2733-2734.                                                        
                                               OPINION                                                  
            A.  The Parties’ Positions                                                                  
                  Respondent determined that (1) Kanter, Ballard, and Lisle                             
            earned the moneys The Five paid to IRA, THC, and other Kanter-                              
            related entities during the years at issue; (2) Kanter later                                
            directed and allocated much of that money to himself, Ballard,                              
            and Lisle primarily through BWK (10 percent), TMT (45 percent),                             
            and Carlco (45 percent), respectively; and (3) Kanter and Lisle                             
            shared fees that Schaffel paid to THC on Travelers transactions                             
            (with Lisle receiving a portion of his share through FPC                                    
            Subventure Partnership).                                                                    
            Respondent first contends that IRA, THC, Carlco, TMT, BWK,                                  
            and other Kanter-related entities were shams and/or nothing more                            
            than the alter egos of Kanter, Ballard, and Lisle.  In the                                  
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