- 22 -
F.3d 788, 789-790 (2d Cir. 1995), affg. T.C. Memo. 1993-621;
Goldman v. Commissioner, 39 F.3d 402 (2d Cir. 1994), affg. T.C.
Memo. 1993-480; Freytag v. Commissioner, supra; Buck v.
Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1997-191; Sacks v. Commissioner, supra;
Kozlowski v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1993-430, affd. without
published opinion 70 F.3d 1279 (9th Cir. 1995); see also, e.g.,
Kaliban v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1997-271; Sann v.
Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1997-259; Friedman v. Commissioner, T.C.
Memo. 1996-558; Gollin v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1996-454;
Stone v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1996-230; Reimann v.
Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1996-84.
Reliance on representations by insiders, promoters, or
offering materials has been held an inadequate defense to
negligence. Goldman v. Commissioner, supra; Pasternak v.
Commissioner, 990 F.2d 893 (6th Cir. 1993), affg. Donahue v.
Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1991-181; LaVerne v. Commissioner, 94
T.C. 637, 652-653 (1990), affd. without published opinion 956
F.2d 274 (9th Cir. 1992), affd. without published opinion sub
nom. Cowles v. Commissioner, 949 F.2d 401 (10th Cir. 1991);
Marine v. Commissioner, 92 T.C. 958, 992-993 (1989), affd.
without published opinion 921 F.2d 280 (9th Cir. 1991); McCrary
v. Commissioner, 92 T.C. 827, 850 (1989); Rybak v. Commissioner,
91 T.C. 524, 565 (1988). Pleas of reliance have been rejected
when neither the taxpayer nor the advisers purportedly relied
upon by the taxpayer knew anything about the nontax business
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