Investment Research Associates - Page 189




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         corporation was changed to Cedilla Co.  She did not know that she             
         had owned any of the stock of IRA after the name change.  She                 
         testified that she owned New Cedilla Co. and that she conducted               
         her real estate brokerage business individually as well as                    
         through IRA and New Cedilla Co.                                               
             The name change occurred in 1978, the same year IRA                      
         purchased the stock of Schnitzer-PMS and the payments to IRA                  
         related to the Prudential transactions began.  In 1979, when IRA              
         acquired the stock of KWJ Corp., Schaffel began splitting                     
         commissions with Kanter, and Century repurchased IRA’s Schnitzer-             
         PMS stock.  When Cedilla Co.'s name was changed to IRA, whatever              
         the purpose Cedilla Co. was originally formed to pursue, it is                
         evident that purpose went along with the name to a new Cedilla                
         Co.                                                                           
              We find that the corporations and entities were not                      
         organized for any valid business purposes.                                    
              A corporation is not treated as carrying on a business                   
         merely because it engages in certain corporate formalities, such              
         as holding corporate meetings, adopting bylaws, electing officers             
         and directors, issuing securities and keeping separate books.                 
         See Aldon Homes, Inc. v. Commissioner, 33 T.C. 582, 600-601                   
         (1959).  In order to be treated as carrying on a business, in                 
         addition to engaging in corporate formalities, the corporation                
         must hold itself out to unrelated third parties and engage in                 






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