- 41 -                                         
          C. Shirleys as it is for the J. Shirleys, and we shall not repeat           
          it.  We sustain the penalty on the same grounds, modified only to           
          take account of the deficiency that we have determined.                     
                    2.  Section 6673(a)(1)                                            
               We likewise impose a penalty under section 6673(a)(1)                  
          against the C. Shirleys for substantially the same reasons that             
          motivated us with respect to the J. Shirleys.  The C. Shirleys              
          did not fail to reply to admissions, since they were not served             
          with any.  Their petition, however, is replete with frivolous and           
          groundless claims.  For example:                                            
               The Notice of Deficiency is required by the Internal                   
               Revenue Code to be signed by a duly appointed                          
               assessment officer.  There is nothing to indicate that                 
               the person signing (rubber-stamped signature) the                      
               Notice of Deficiency or the Form 4549-A attachment                     
               (unsigned) are [sic] duly authorized to perform that                   
               function.  Internal Revenue Code �6201 and 26 USC                      
               �6065, clearly defines that a duly authorized signature                
               be present on these forms.  Petitioners have no means                  
               to confirm that the signatures are that of a duly                      
               authorized person.                                                     
               Petitioners, on information and belief, alleges [sic]                  
               that the sole purpose of the respondent’s Notice of                    
               Deficiency is for the obvious purpose of ensnaring the                 
               Petitioners into a fraudulently obtained Federal Tax                   
               Court jurisdiction.  Petitioners’ position is that the                 
               respondent knew or should have known that he has                       
               violated the petitioners’ right of due process in                      
               forcing this filing.                                                   
               On the provision that the Petitioners are properly                     
               documented in their “Individual Master File” (IMF),                    
               this [sic] petitioners’ source of revenue is from                      
               within the several states and does not conform to any                  
               federally regulated “taxable objects”.  The petitioners                
               do not fall under the definition found in the IRC                      
               3121(h), since the petitioners do not reside in the                    
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