Cite as: 519 U. S. 482 (1997)
Stevens, J., dissenting
such as the one we construed in United States v. Gaudin, 515 U. S. 506 (1995), criminalize two equally culpable categories of false statements but include an explicit materiality
(maximum two year prison term for knowingly making false material statement in compliance documents); 42 U. S. C. § 6992d(b)(2) (maximum two year prison term for knowingly making false material statement in compliance documents); 42 U. S. C. § 7413(c)(2) (maximum two year prison term for knowingly making false material statement in documents required under chapter); 46 U. S. C. § 1171(b) (any person who, in application for financial aid under merchant marine act, willfully makes untrue statement of material fact is guilty of misdemeanor); 46 U. S. C. § 31306(d) (maximum five year prison sentence for knowingly making false statement of material fact in declaration of citizenship under Shipping Act); 46 U. S. C. App. § 839 (maximum five year prison term for knowingly making false statement of material fact to secure required approval of Secretary of Transportation); 49 U. S. C. App. § 1472 (maximum three year prison term for knowingly and willfully falsifying or concealing a material fact to obtain [Federal Aviation Administration] certificate); 50 U. S. C. § 855 (maximum five year prison term for willfully making false statement of material fact in registration statement); 50 U. S. C. App. § 1193(h) (maximum two year prison term for knowingly furnishing information that is false or misleading in any material respect regarding renegotiation of airplane contracts)").
10 See id., at 960, n. 4 ("7 U. S. C. § 614(b-3)(3) (penalizing those who make false statement in application for tax-payment warrant); 7 U. S. C. § 2028(d) (punishing those who obtain funds from a Puerto Rico block grant 'by . . . false statement'); 7 U. S. C. § 6407(e) (barring 'false or unwarranted statements' regarding fluid milk products); 12 U. S. C. § 1782(a)(3) (penalizing false statement in administration of insurance fund); 13 U. S. C. § 213 (penalties for perjury); 12 U. S. C. § 1847 (penalizing false entries in book, report, or statement of bank holding company); 15 U. S. C. § 50 (penalizing false statement to [Federal Trade Commission]); 15 U. S. C. § 645 (offenses and penalties for certain crimes related to commerce and trade); 15 U. S. C. § 714m (punishing knowingly false statement to Commodity Credit Corporation); 15 U. S. C. § 1825(a)(2)(B) (penalizing false statement in report required by Horse Protection Act); 16 U. S. C. § 831t(b) (penalizing false statement to or on behalf of the Tennessee Valley Authority); 18 U. S. C. § 287 (penalizing false claims against U. S. government); 18 U. S. C. § 288 (penalizing false claims for postal losses); 18 U. S. C. § 289 (penalizing false claims for pensions); 18 U. S. C. § 924 (penalizing knowing false statement in information gun dealers must provide); 18 U. S. C. § 1011 (penalizing
507
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