Ex parte NAKAMURA et al. - Page 5




          Appeal No. 1999-0542                                                        
          Application 08/760,557                                                      


          837 F.2d 1071, 1073, 5 USPQ2d 1596, 1598 (Fed. Cir. 1988).  In              
          so doing, the examiner is expected to make the factual                      
          determinations set forth in Graham v. John Deere Co., 383 U.S.              
          1, 17, 148 USPQ 459, 467 (1966), and to provide a reason why                
          one having ordinary skill in the pertinent art would have been              
          led to modify the prior art or to combine prior art references              
          to arrive at the claimed invention.  Such reason must stem                  
          from some teaching, suggestion or implication in the prior art              
          as a whole                                                                  


          or knowledge generally available to one having ordinary skill               
          in the art.  Uniroyal, Inc. v. Rudkin-Wiley Corp., 837 F.2d                 
          1044, 1051, 5 USPQ2d 1434, 1438 (Fed. Cir.), cert. denied, 488              
          U.S. 825 (1988); Ashland Oil, Inc. v. Delta Resins &                        
          Refractories, Inc., 776 F.2d 281, 293, 227 USPQ 657, 664 (Fed.              
          Cir. 1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1017 (1986); ACS Hosp.                   
          Sys., Inc. v. Montefiore Hosp., 732 F.2d 1572, 1577, 221 USPQ               
          929, 933 (Fed. Cir. 1984).  These showings by the examiner are              
          an essential part of complying with the burden of presenting a              
          prima facie case of obviousness.  Note In re Oetiker, 977 F.2d              
          1443, 1445, 24 USPQ2d 1443, 1444 (Fed. Cir. 1992).  If that                 
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