Ex Parte OSTER et al - Page 10




              Appeal No. 2001-2045                                                                Page 10                 
              Application No. 09/360,936                                                                                  


                     The motivation, suggestion or teaching may come explicitly from statements in                        
              the prior art, the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art, or, in some cases the                     
              nature of the problem to be solved.  See Dembiczak, 175 F.3d at 999, 50 USPQ2d at                           
              1617.  In addition, the teaching, motivation or suggestion may be implicit from the prior                   
              art as a whole, rather than expressly stated in the references.  See WMS Gaming, Inc.                       
              v. International Game Tech., 184 F.3d 1339, 1355, 51 USPQ2d 1385, 1397 (Fed. Cir.                           
              1999).  The test for an implicit showing is what the combined teachings, knowledge of                       
              one of ordinary skill in the art, and the nature of the problem to be solved as a whole                     
              would have suggested to those of ordinary skill in the art.  See In re Keller, 642 F.2d                     
              413, 425, 208 USPQ 871, 881 (CCPA 1981) (and cases cited therein).  Whether the                             
              examiner relies on an express or an implicit showing, the examiner must provide                             
              particular findings related thereto.  See Dembiczak, 175 F.3d at 999, 50 USPQ2d at                          
              1617.  Broad conclusory statements standing alone are not "evidence."  Id.   When an                        
              examiner relies on general knowledge to negate patentability, that knowledge must be                        
              articulated and placed on the record.  See In re Lee, 277 F.3d 1338, 1342-45, 61                            
              USPQ2d 1430, 1433-35 (Fed. Cir. 2002).                                                                      


                     In this case, after reviewing the disclosures of the applied prior art, we find                      
              ourselves in agreement with the appellants that absent the use of impermissible                             
              hindsight there is no teaching, suggestion, motivation or incentive in the applied prior                    







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