Interference No. 103,197
piece of steak rather than on living tissue. The test was
conducted as follows:
In order to get rid of the problems with optical fibers,
I replaced the optical fibers by the semiconductors
itself placing the semiconductors inside tiny windows in
straight hypodermic needles which I covered with a
transparent epoxy adhesive. Thus, I had one emitting
needle and one receiving needle which I could stick into
the tissue with any distance desired. Since I had no
light losses coupling the light into fibers, I had plenty
of light and an excellent signal quality accordingly.
Given this ideal experimental conditions I could
concentrate on the biological background: The modulation
depth of a very small tissue layer. I stuck in the two
hypodermic needles at a distance of 2.0 mm using a
precise carrier keeping the distance constant while
inserting the needles. After the needles were positioned
I gave the needles free, so that they could pulsate
freely like the hypodermic needles in the original
Morrison experiment. In this experiment with 2 mm tissue
layer I measured an AC to DC ratio (= modulation depth)
of 0.03% in the red and 0.04% in the infrared. Since Dr.
Morrison had only 1 mm I repeated the experiment with a
gap of 1 mm tissue layer. Here I received a modulation
depth of 0.015% for the red and 0.02% for the infrared.
This is an irrefutable proof that the Morrison experiment
did not work in the sense that the values displayed had
nothing to do with pulse oximetry. Any commercial pulse
oximeter would have given a low perfusion error message
receiving such a low modulation depth. Even if Dr.
Morrison had had access to such sophisticated sensors we
are able to build now after years of work and experience
in building invasive sensors which Dr. Morrison has not
had [sic] at that time, he could not have received a
reasonable signal on a commercial pulse oximeter.
We understand Falkowski's statement that he "gave the needles
free, so that they could pulsate freely like the hypodermic
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