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and because the DFM lacks any real ability to enforce its
provisions, we reject respondent's contention that the manual
dictated the manner in which petitioner performed his missionary
duties.
In summary, the DFM lacked the control and lacked the right
to control the manner and means by which petitioner performed his
duties as a foreign missionary. Rather, the DFM facilitates
foreign ministry by processing a missionary's collections and
pledges and providing useful information to missionaries through
the missions manual and a proposed foreign living budget. In
other words, we view the DFM as a service provider relieving
endorsed missionaries from the administrative burdens of
collecting and processing their pledges and obtaining information
regarding their country of service.
Respondent also contends that the record in this case shows
that the National Church exercised control, or had the right to
exercise control, over petitioner's ministerial credentials to
such a degree that we must conclude he was an employee. In
support of her position, respondent points out that the National
Church: (1) Maintains specific requirements for ministerial
licensing and ordination; (2) has the authority to discipline
ministers based on their behavior and conduct; and (3) has the
authority to withdraw ministerial credentials. Specifically,
respondent argues that the National Church's ability to revoke
petitioner's credentials, if petitioner did not perform his
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