Martin Ice Cream Company - Page 57

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            negatively affects petitioner’s fair market value.31                                        
                  Under the circumstances of this case, use of book value would                         
            tend to overvalue petitioner, especially in light of the effect of the                      
            relatively low--and dropping--ratio of net income to sales during the                       
            mid-1980's on the value of petitioner and the relative lack of                              
            dividend-paying capacity, which shows the precarious nature of                              
            petitioner’s financial health.  Capitalized earnings at a 6.25:1                            
            price/earnings ratio, $331,394, also over- values petitioner to the                         
            extent that it does not sufficiently take into account a number of                          
            other factors not fully considered by Mr. Bergwerk.                                         
                  Although Mr. Bergwerk discussed petitioner’s overreliance on                          
            H�agen-Dazs as its major supplier, he did not expressly take into                           
            account the negative effect on marketability--and hence fair market                         
            value--of H�agen-Dazs’ effective veto over any sale to an unrelated                         
            third party.  Because of the tenuous nature of petitioner’s                                 
            distribution rights--if any--to H�agen-Dazs products, H�agen-Dazs                           
            could effectively stop a sale of petitioner, if it did not approve of                       
            the buyer, by threatening to stop supplying petitioner with its                             
            product.  The withdrawal of H�agen-Dazs as a supplier would leave                           


                  31 Using the formula used in Bardahl Manufacturing Corp. v.                           
            Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1965-200, which calculates the amount                              
            available for dividends as the working capital at year’s end less                           
            necessary working capital and capital expenditures actually made                            
            in the following year, petitioner was insufficiently capitalized                            
            in the years immediately preceding the separation of the business                           
            lines.  Necessary working capital was determined as a function of                           
            working capital requirements for the year and the length of                                 
            petitioner’s operating cycle, which is determined by inventory                              
            and accounts receivable turnover and the credit period extended                             
            by suppliers--primarily H�agen-Dazs.                                                        



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